abstract：:Asthma is a very common chronic disease that occurs in all age groups and is the focus of various clinical and public health interventions. Both morbidity and mortality from asthma are significant. The number of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost due to asthma worldwide is similar to that for diabetes, liver ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Bousquet J,Bousquet PJ,Godard P,Daures JP

更新日期：2005-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Health interventions vary substantially in the degree of effort required to implement them. To some extent this is apparent in their financial cost, but the nature and availability of non-financial resources is often of similar importance. In particular, human resource requirements are frequently a major constraint. W...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Gericke CA,Kurowski C,Ranson MK,Mills A

更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:We sought to assess the current status of global data on death registration and to examine several indicators of data completeness and quality. METHODS:We summarized the availability of death registration data by year and country. Indicators of data quality were assessed for each country and included the tim...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Mathers CD,Fat DM,Inoue M,Rao C,Lopez AD

更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Health impact assessment (HIA) is a multidisciplinary aid to decision-making that assesses the impact of policy on public health and on health inequalities. Its purpose is to assist decision-makers to maximize health gains and to reduce inequalities. The 1999 Gothenburg Consensus Paper (GCP) provides researchers with ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Wright J,Parry J,Mathers J

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The Millennium Development Goals depend critically on scaling up public health investments in developing countries. As a matter of urgency, developing-country governments must present detailed investment plans that are sufficiently ambitious to meet the goals, and the plans must be inserted into existing donor process...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Sachs JD

更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This paper presents estimates of the prevalence of visual impairment and its causes in 2002, based on the best available evidence derived from recent studies. Estimates were determined from data on low vision and blindness as defined in the International statistical classification of diseases, injuries and causes of d...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Resnikoff S,Pascolini D,Etya'ale D,Kocur I,Pararajasegaram R,Pokharel GP,Mariotti SP

更新日期：2004-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the current information age, research synthesis is a particularly useful tool for keeping track of scientific research and making sense of the large volumes of frequently conflicting data derived from primary studies. The Cochrane Collaboration is a global initiative "to help people make well-informed decisions abo...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Volmink J,Siegfried N,Robertson K,Gülmezoglu AM

更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The migration of health workers within and between countries is a growing concern worldwide because of its impact on health systems in developing and developed countries alike. Policy decisions need to be made at the national, regional and international levels to manage more effectively this phenomenon, but those deci...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Diallo K

更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:About 30 million people in Africa are estimated to be living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), yet data about the natural history of infection on the continent are sparse. We reviewed the literature on the natural history of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections among African adult...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Jaffar S,Grant AD,Whitworth J,Smith PG,Whittle H

更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Genomics, the comprehensive examination of an organism's entire set of genes and their interactions, will have a major impact on the way disease is diagnosed, prevented and treated in the new millennium. Despite the tremendous potential it holds for improving global health, genomics challenges policy-makers to ensure ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Smith RD,Thorsteinsdóttir H,Daar AS,Gold ER,Singers PA

更新日期：2004-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This paper synthesizes the rates, barriers, and outcomes of HIV serostatus disclosure among women in developing countries. We identified 17 studies from peer-reviewed journals and international conference abstracts--15 from sub-Saharan Africa and 2 from south-east Asia--that included information on either the rates, b...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Medley A,Garcia-Moreno C,McGill S,Maman S

更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To examine the association between maternal smoking and non-syndromic orofacial clefts in infants. METHODS:A meta-analysis of the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy was carried out using data from 24 case-control and cohort studies. FINDINGS:Consistent, moderate and statistically signific...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Little J,Cardy A,Munger RG

更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVES:To implement and evaluate a public-private partnership to deliver the internationally recommended strategy DOTS for the control of tuberculosis (TB) in Lalitpur municipality, Nepal, where it is estimated that 50% of patients with TB are managed in the private sector. METHODS:A local working group developed ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Newell JN,Pande SB,Baral SC,Bam DS,Malla P

更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Now that the global eradication of wild poliovirus is almost within sight, planning for the post-certification era is becoming a priority issue. It is agreed that a stockpile of appropriate polio vaccines will need to be established, and a surveillance and response capacity will need to be maintained, in order to prot...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Fine PE,Oblapenko G,Sutter RW

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To develop a Bayesian hierarchical model for human onchocerciasis with which to explore the factors that influence prevalence of microfilariae in the Amazonian focus of onchocerciasis and predict the probability of any community being at least mesoendemic (>20% prevalence of microfilariae), and thus in need o...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Carabin H,Escalona M,Marshall C,Vivas-Martínez S,Botto C,Joseph L,Basáñez MG

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVES:To determine the extent to which families follow referral and follow-up recommendations given in accordance with the Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) strategy and the factors that influence families' responses to such recommendations. METHODS:Children aged 2 months-5 years who presented t...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： al Fadil SM,Alrahman SH,Cousens S,Bustreo F,Shadoul A,Farhoud S,el Hassan SM

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Osteoporosis is a major public health problem, affecting millions of people worldwide. The associated health care costs are growing in parallel with increases in elderly populations, and it is expected that the number of osteoporotic fractures will double over the next 50 years. The best way to address osteoporosis is...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Kai MC,Anderson M,Lau EM

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To investigate the impact of violence against mothers on mortality risks for their offspring before 5 years of age in Nicaragua. METHODS:From a demographic database covering a random sample of urban and rural households in Le n, Nicaragua, we identified all live births among women aged 15-49 years. Cases wer...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Asling-Monemi K,Peña R,Ellsberg MC,Persson LA

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To compare the efficacy of seven pyrethroid insecticides for impregnation of mosquito nets, six currently recommended by WHO and one candidate (bifenthrin), under laboratory conditions. METHODS:Tests were conducted using pyrethroid-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant strains of Anopheles gambiae and Culex q...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Hougard JM,Duchon S,Darriet F,Zaim M,Rogier C,Guillet P

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The large epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United Kingdom has been in decline since 1992, but has spread to other countries. The extensive control measures that have been put in place across the European Union and also in Switzerland should have brought the transmission of BSE under control in...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Smith PG

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Current transportation policies in mega-cities worldwide lead to major threats to health through traffic injuries, air pollution, noise, reduction in physical activities, and adverse impact on urban quality of life. In addition, a large section of the population in cities in low-income countries has to live in informa...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Tiwari G

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is likely that everyone will, at some time, suffer from a problem related to the musculoskeletal system, ranging from a very common problem such as osteoarthritis or back pain to severely disabling limb trauma or rheumatoid arthritis. Many musculoskeletal problems are chronic conditions. The most common symptoms ar...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Akesson K,Dreinhöfer KE,Woolf AD

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To document the prevalence, age-distribution, and risk factors for anaemia in Tanzanian children less than 5 years old, thereby assisting in the development of effective strategies for controlling anaemia. METHODS:Cluster sampling was used to identify 2417 households at random from four contiguous districts ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Schellenberg D,Schellenberg JR,Mushi A,Savigny Dd,Mgalula L,Mbuya C,Victora CG

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine whether vaccination against measles in a population with sustained high vaccination coverage and relatively low child mortality reduces overall child mortality. METHODS:In April and May 2000, a population-based, case-control study was conducted at Ballabgarh (an area in rural northern India). El...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Kabir Z,Long J,Reddaiah VP,Kevany J,Kapoor SK

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To test the applicability of lot quality assurance sampling (LQAS) for the rapid assessment of the prevalence of active trachoma. METHODS:Prevalence of active trachoma in six communities was found by examining all children aged 2-5 years. Trial surveys were conducted in these communities. A sampling plan app...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Myatt M,Limburg H,Minassian D,Katyola D

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To describe the epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in a developing country. METHODS:The work was carried out in three hospitals for primary cases and in the community for secondary cases in the western region of the Gambia, West Africa. RSV infection was diagnosed by immunofluorescen...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Weber MW,Milligan P,Sanneh M,Awemoyi A,Dakour R,Schneider G,Palmer A,Jallow M,Oparaogu A,Whittle H,Mulholland EK,Greenwood BM

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The patent system is now reaching into the tools of medical research, including gene sequences themselves. Many of the new patents can potentially preempt large areas of medical research and lay down legal barriers to the development of a broad category of products. Researchers must therefore consider redesigning thei...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Barton JH

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To investigate physical activity during leisure time and commuting among persons aged 15-69 years in the urban population of Tianjin, China, and to assess its associations with demographic and health-related characteristics. METHODS:In 1996 a cross-sectional survey of 2002 males and 1974 females provided inf...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Hu G,Pekkarinen H,Hänninen O,Yu Z,Tian H,Guo Z,Nissinen A

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the performance of serological tests using dried blood on filter-papers (micro-card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (micro-CATT)) performed under field and laboratory conditions and using whole blood ((CATT/T.b. gambiense) (wb-CATT) and latex agglutination (LATEX/T.b. gambiense) (wb-LATEX))...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Truc P,Lejon V,Magnus E,Jamonneau V,Nangouma A,Verloo D,Penchenier L,Büscher P

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To develop, in a mortuary setting, a pilot programme for improving the accuracy of records of deaths caused by injury. METHODS:The recording of injury-related deaths was upgraded at the mortuary of the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana, in 1996 through the creation of a prospectively gathered dat...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： London J,Mock C,Abantanga FA,Quansah RE,Boateng KA

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This paper draws lessons from a review of primary health care services in Windhoek, the capital of Namibia, undertaken by a regional health management team. The review was carried out because of perceived increases in workload and inadequate staffing levels, arising from the rapid expansion of the city associated with...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Bell R,Ithindi T,Low A

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A very large private health sector exists in low-income countries. It consists of a great variety of providers and is used by a wide cross-section of the population. There are substantial concerns about the quality of care given, especially at the more informal end of the range of providers. This is particularly true ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Mills A,Brugha R,Hanson K,McPake B

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To compare the cost-effectiveness of the tuberculosis (TB) programme run by the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), which uses community health workers (CHWs), with that of the government TB programme which does not use CHWs. METHODS:TB control statistics and cost data for July 1996 - June 1997 we...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Islam MA,Wakai S,Ishikawa N,Chowdhury AM,Vaughan JP

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:New initiatives are aiming to reduce the global burden of schistosomiasis, mainly through the large-scale application of chemotherapy. To target chemotherapy effectively, rapid assessment procedures are needed for identifying high-risk communities that are foci for the disease. In this review, we examine the developme...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Lengeler C,Utzinger J,Tanner M

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To assess maternal and neonatal health services in 49 developing countries. METHODS:The services were rated on a scale of 0 to 100 by 10 - 25 experts in each country. The ratings covered emergency and routine services, including family planning, at health centres and district hospitals, access to these servi...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Bulatao RA,Ross JA

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To assess the usefulness of the general framework of the smoking epidemic. METHODS:We use lung cancer mortality as an indicator for smoking intensity and employ an age-cohort model to accommodate the long-lasting and cumulative effects. RESULTS:Dutch males have higher risks than Danish males, but the risks ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Barendregt JJ,Looman CW,Brønnum-Hansen H

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To test whether relations between economic development, economic inequality, and child and youth homicide rates are sex- and age-specific, and whether a country's wealth modifies the impact of economic inequality on homicide rates. METHODS:Outcome variables were homicide rates around 1994 in males and female...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Butchart A,Engström K

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In November 1999, Dr Amadou Diarra was appointed senior director of Bristol-Myers Squibb's Secure the Future Initiative. Launched 18 months ago, this public-private partnership is seeking, together with the governments of nine African countries, innovative ways of reducing the transmission and the impact of HIV/AIDS, ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Diarra A

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This paper summarizes recent thinking on stimulating industrial research and development (R&D) for neglected infectious diseases and argues that it is critical to enlarge the value of the market for medicines and vaccines through, for example, global purchase funds. The most important economic barriers to R&D are that...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Webber D,Kremer M

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There is considerable exigency to take all necessary steps to cure tuberculosis cases and prevent further emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis. The most important of these steps is to ensure that the treatment, particularly of sputum smear-positive cases, is adequate and that patients adhere to their treatment by ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Blomberg B,Spinaci S,Fourie B,Laing R

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00